Societal And Organizational Factors Within The Creation Of...

Both societal and organizational factors come into play in the creation of a police subculture. The hierarchy structures of law enforcement agencies vary. These variations determine the attitudes and behaviors of the officers working within these locations. Lower level police officers spend the majority of their time investigating crime and fretting over the pitfalls of current crime policy. Overtime, some officers may begin to view members of the public as untrustworthy or even potentially hostile. They begin to rely heavily on their fellow comrades for emotional and mental support, which establishes a strong sense of group solidarity. Changes in the composition of the rank and file of policing units has also contributed to the†¦show more content†¦Law enforcement’s drift towards militarization has its roots in the 1960s and the need to respond to the social unrest that swept the nation at the time (Bickel 2013). The development of Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT) teams in reaction to the Watts riots in Los Angeles began a movement in policing that relied more and more on military tactics, training, and equipment (Bickel 2013). Additionally, stress training in police academies and its warrior-like orientation tends to create an â€Å"us versus them† mindset in rookie officers (Bickel 2013). This ingrained mindset has the potential of creating barriers between the police and the community. Post 9/11, an emphasis was placed upon building the necessary infrastructure for law enforcement agencies to combat potential terroristic threats in addition to domestic crimes (Walker 2013). What is most intriguing is the difference in weaponry when one compares police departments in the 2000s versus the 2010s. The baton and mace seemed to be the non-lethal tool of choice for officers prior to 9/11. After that tragic event, the standard non-lethal weapon of choice transformed into one that possessed an electric charge: the Taser. As of today, over twelve thousand police agencies have purchased Tasers. Hundreds of thousands of officers nationwide have been issued Tasers and trained on how to operate the device (Walker 2013). Tasers are also used by military police and specialized forces. WhenShow MoreRelatedTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesto see the many ironies that thread our lives together. I thank you for challenging me and for trusting in my academic potential. It is for your intuitive and intellectual nature that I must devote every word I have produced–not only within this thesis, but within the majority of my sociology degree–to you! Thank you, everyone! TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv AcknowledgementsRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesresponsibility of the command to classify SOPs-when in development and when approved-consistent with Army Regulation (AR) 380-5 and to ensure compliance with AR 380-10 for foreign disclosure. Every SOP must have the signature of the approving authority within your chain of command before it is a legal document. Normally, at the squad or platoon level, your commander or his designated representative will be the approving authority. You will prepare a draft SOP based on your review of the procedure(s), theRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEveryone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. 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Hiv / Aids And Aids - 2547 Words

Introduction The African continent represents 12% of the worlds population, but Sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately represents nearly 70% of the worlds HIV cases (1). Within that, it has been estimated that there are 6.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa, which is the highest number from any country in the world (2), and represents 17% of the global burden of HIV infection (3). HAART has been the mainstay of treatment for HIV in industrialised countries since the 1990’s (4). Since its widespread introduction, it has changed the course of the epidemic dramatically and improved survival and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (5). HAART consists of three different antiretroviral drugs, given in combination. In 2013 the World Health Organisation (WHO) released its updated guidelines for the use of HAART in HIV/AIDS (Appendix 1), providing recommendations for policy and decision makers for more widespread use of HAART (6). These guidelines also raised the recommended threshold for initiation of HAART from CD4350cells/mm3 to CD4500cells/mm3 in asymptomatic patients (6), with a note that priority for starting treatment still remained with individuals with lower CD4 counts (350cells/mm3). Despite this continuing expansion of HAART eligibility, uptake remains low in many places, with only 54% of those eligible for HAART with a CD4350cells/mm3 receiving it worldwide (7). Low and middle-income countries, like South Africa, are faced with theShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids And Aids1472 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is the major ongoing issue attacking sub-Saharan Africa. The damage caused by HIV/AIDS strips families, communities, and increases poverty. In Kenya, the plague has mainly targeted those in the fertile and reproductive age groups. According to estimates by the United Nations of AIDS (UNAIDS), â€Å"Indication of 22.5 million people were living with HIV in Africa, over 1.6 million people were estimated to have died from this syndrome, and well over 11 million children have been orphaned by AIDSRead MoreAids : Hiv / Aids Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Kennedy United States HIV/AIDS Part 1: Background of Topic: What became later known as aids was detected in West Africa when scientists identified a species of chimpanzees that had a version of this virus in their immune system. They later found out that the disease was transmitted to humans and created into HIV when people hunted these animals for food and came in contact with their infected blood. Decade after decade this illness swooped over Africa like a blanket and began to spread toRead MoreHiv/Aids Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS BSHS302 May 21, 2012 Faye Flanagan HIV/AIDS Social issues facing HIV/AIDS today are as diverse as the people that are affected by the disease. Advocating for a large group of people takes action at the macro human service practice. The goals and intervention strategies will be similar to micro human service and will involve the same strategies to bring justice to human rights for all members of society. One strategy is including a broader range of other diversity in research inRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv And Aids1535 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation include providing access to health care, HIV testing and syringe services programs. The Office of HIV Planning in Philadelphia focuses on the needs of the population, conducts community outreaches and educational sessions. As previously stated, 32 state Medicaid programs reimburse for routine HIV screening of adults aged 15-65 years, regardless of risk. This policy allows for individuals to more likely participate in this screening process. HIV testing can be done through health care professionalsRead MorePrevalence Of Hiv / Aids1525 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence of HIV/AIDS in Ohio It was already stated that the HIV/AIDS epidemic impacts persons regardless of sex, age, race/ethnic group and/or geographic region in Ohio, but certain populations seem to be more impacted than others. There are 11, 544,225 people living in Ohio. 80% are white, 12% are black, 3% are Hispanic, and less than 2% are Asian. Each year in Ohio, about 1,000 people are diagnosed with HIV. In 2013, 1,180 people were diagnosed. Overall, there are almost 20,000 known to be livingRead MoreThe Effects of Hiv/Aids2132 Words   |  9 Pages | QUESTION: Discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on education. CONTENTS 1.) Introduction. 2.) Discussion. i.)   loss of professionals to the effects of HIV and AIDS ii)   Funds channeled to combat effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya iii) High dropout rates to the effects of HIV and AIDS on education iv) The introduction of HIV and AIDS as a unit on the Kenyan syllabus v)  Ã‚   Stigmatizations caused by the effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya 3.) Conclusion Read MoreStigma of Hiv/Aids1812 Words   |  8 PagesStigma of HIV/AIDS It goes without saying that HIV and AIDS are as much about social phenomena as they are about biological and medical concerns. From the moment scientists identified HIV and AIDS, social responses of fear, denial, stigma, and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic. Discrimination has spread rapidly, fuelling anxiety and prejudice against the groups most commonly affected, as well as those living with HIV or AIDS. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of educationRead MoreHiv/Aids in Nigeria6960 Words   |  28 PagesLITERATURE 2.0 INTRODUCTION HIV/AIDs has been ranked among the common disease of all times that is threatening us with the extinction of youths and adults. It is not only terrorizing the entire generation but also kills and leaves millions of orphans for the oldest grandparent to carter for. 2.1 HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA According to USAID brief (2004), Nigerian epidemic is characterized by one of the most rapidly increasing rates of new HIV/AIDS cases in West Africa. Adult HIV prevalence increased fromRead More AIDS/HIV Essay2283 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles and syringes, mother to child (perinatal) and contaminated blood product (National Association of Health Authorities, 1988). 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Late HIV diagnosis remains a major problem among black Africans in England. In 2007, about 42 per cent of black Africans diagnosed with HIV were diagnosed late (HPA, 2008a). This compromises their survival chances becauseRead MoreAids : Hiv And The Pursuit Of Happiness1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe AIDS epidemic has been a controversial debate for many years. As Sturken says in her text, there is discourse on AIDS of hysteria and blame, but AIDS also produces a discourse of defiance and criticism (Sturken 147). Using Sturken’s article AIDS and The Politics of Representation and the film Living Proof: HIV and the Pursuit of Happiness I will discuss the two different discourses and views of AIDS. These simultaneous discourses on AIDS, result from the variation of ways people in our society

Competition Between Genders free essay sample

Competition between genders has been going on for as long as we have existed. What psychologists are trying to figure out is why this competition exists in the first place. I believe the reason that genders feel the need to compete against each other is actually really simple. They want to impress each other and be the better one. Males want to be the stronger, smarter, and more athletic ones. Females also want to be smarter and more athletic so that is where the competition occurs. We, as females, want males to be strong and protective of us but we don’t want them to know it. We want males to think of us as equals which makes us want to beat them in some sports and in school. This is difficult because no one wants to lose, especially males because they are expected to win. When men are younger their parents teach them to be strong and protect their women, I think this is a mistake because it is making it seem as though the males are the more dominant. We will write a custom essay sample on Competition Between Genders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Back in the old days males did all the work while the females cleaned and cooked. The only reason I can think of for this happening was because males were built stronger and more muscular than females. However, this gave them no right to act as if they’re better than females. Back then woman couldn’t vote, or be any type of leader. In fact, woman couldn’t even fight for their countries! This competition exists even more today because females are becoming more equal to males. Nowadays woman can vote, run for office, run a company, and even go to war and it scares men so they work harder and try to prove they are better. As individuals, men feel as though they are the best and woman constantly have the need to one up every one. In a group, the competition is even bigger between others. Males want to be the most muscular and have the prettiest woman. Females want to be the prettiest, the smartest, and the most talented. I don’t necessarily think this competition will ever end, however, I do think males and females are equal just the same as white and black people are equal. We are all people and we should all respect one another.